The Relationships between Costs and User Charges: The Case of a Norwegian Utility Service

Governments struggle with rising service spending, and user charges represent a possible incentive mechanism to control costs. This paper investigates the relationships between costs and user charges in the sewage industry in Norwegian local governments. The analysis addresses the following questions: (i) To what extent are increased costs passed on to consumers in higher user charges? (ii) Does user-charge financing lead to higher or lower unit cost? The econometric analysis indicates that 30–40% of a cost increase is passed on to consumers in higher user charges. Moreover, user-charge financing has a significant negative effect on the unit cost. An increase in user-charge financing by 10 percentage points is predicted to reduce the unit cost by up to 10%.