Ancient Egyptian Rituals Against Enemies

The contributors to this volume discuss several aspects of ancient Egyptian rituals against enemies (»execration rituals«). Various kinds of sources - figurines, textual descriptions, iconographical depictions - make it possible to trace this phenomenon from the 6th Dynasty to the Ptolemaic-Roman period. A special focus lies on Middle Kingdom and Late Period/Ptolemaic-Roman execration figures, the methods that were applied to produce them, the ritual acts performed with these figures, and the personnel involved in the rituals. Other chapters deal with possible connections between execration and female figurines, or the question of how killings of human beings can be assumed to have formed part of these rituals. The volume thus demonstrates how different approaches and perspectives can contribute to increasing and improving our understanding of Egyptian rituals against enemies.